Environment
I feel that  making environmental data more accessible can instigate innovation and environmental change as the use of, and impact on, resources create some of the greatest challenges for society

Transparency ToolkitClimate Data Initiative,
International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN)
Spatial Ecology & Conservation
California Open Data
White House builds open data backbone for climate resilience
The Climate Corporation
Global Forest
World Resources Institute’s Climate Analysis Indicators Tool (CAIT) –
http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/?src=Environment-f2
http://theodi.org/lunchtime-lectures/friday-lunchtime-lecture-what-open-data-do-we-need-for-a-cleaner-greener-world
http://www.opendatanow.com/2014/05/open-data-takes-climate/
AMEE
Connected Digital Economy Catapult
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Social / Economic

NASA Website Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (sedac)
The National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center (SESYNC)
The World Top Incomes Database
social-consciousness
(https://www.facebook.com/SocialConsciousness)
OpenSpending | http://openspending.org/ | @openspending |  Tracking every government financial transaction across the world
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Government
Open Data 500
OpenDataNow.com
Data.gov
MIT and City of Boston: bigdata.csail.mit.edu/challenge
Telecom Italia
http://blog.okfn.org/2013/01/21/carbon-dioxide-data-is-not-on-the-worlds-dashboard-says-hans-rosling/
http://data.gov.uk/dataset/uk_greenhouse_gas_emissions/resource/26f4eee2-f219-4310-b2c6-918fa938f5be
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/quarterly-uk-emissions-estimates
https://index.okfn.org/country/
http://census.okfn.org/about/
http://unfccc.int/ghg_data/ghg_data_unfccc/time_series_annex_i/items/3814.php
http://unfccc.int/national_reports/non-annex_i_natcom/items/2716.php
http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/meth_reg.html
http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/overview.php?v=CO2ts1990-2012
http://forumblog.org/2014/09/open-data-information-governance-quality/
The Open Knowledge Foundation Empowering through Open Knowledge
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7th International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software – Envrionmental Modeling

Rewired Reality
https://www.zooniverse.org/#biology
Critical Assesment of Massive Data Analysis (CAMDA  : www.camda.info .